Combined 18F-fludeoxyglucose ( 18F-FDG) positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET-CT) and ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are non-invasive methods of assessing tissue inflammation. Inflammation is critical in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease. Further study is needed to show how 4473Da peptide is involved with the etiology and the onset of MMD. 4473Da peptide showed higher intensity peaks especially in younger MMD patients, and it was proved to be highly related to postoperative angiogenesis. In conclusion, 4473Da peptide is supposed to be a reliable biomarker of MMD. This study also includes 17 control cases with the mean age of 27.9 years old. Twenty MMD patients were enrolled in this pilot study, including 11 pediatric cases less than 18 years of age (mean age, 8.67 years) and 9 adult MMD patients (mean age, 38.1 years). A positive correlation between 4473Da peptide and postoperative angiogenesis was determined. Three peptides, 4473Da, 4475Da, and 6253Da, were significantly elevated in MMD group. To discover biomarker candidates in cerebrospinal fluid from MMD patients, proteome analysis was performed by the surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebrovascular disease characterized by steno-occlusive change in bilateral internal carotid arteries with unknown etiology. The scheme has been tested on an Ethernet-Unix platform and has proved to be reliable. The main feature of the proposed scheme is that it can be used in general DMISs where the inter-media relationships are complex and the media data is stored in more than one server in the network. The presentation schedule is maintained by controlling the request times of data transfer for different media streams and by providing suitable buffers at the receiver. A presentation schedule can then be generated from the script specifications. In the scheme, media relationships are specified using an expressive script language that is being developed.

This paper presents a synchronization scheme that can meet these requirements. There are four media synchronization requirements in DMIS: (1) to provide a means for users to specify media relationships expressively (2) to ensure a smooth playback of the continuous media (3) to ensure intermedia synchronization by overcoming the stochastic network access delay and host processing delay through proper transmission scheduling and buffer management and (4) to support user interactions and to provide anomaly synchronization. To achieve this, a synchronization scheme is required to orchestrate the presentation of these media. Information in these different media types is related and has to be presented in a specified order. In distributed interactive multimedia information systems (DMIS), information of multiple media types is involved in an application. We are currently implementing these techniques in a digital multimedia on-demand storage server being developed at the UCSD Multimedia Laboratory. These algorithms can be generalized to heterogeneous multimedia networks in which there may be variations in sizes of media units generated, differences in network locations of sources and destinations, etc. We then present strategies by which the file server can actually predict the time in future when the asynchrony of a device is expected to exceed the permitted bound, and take gradual preventive action to nullify the asynchrony in advance. We develop a feedback technique using which the file server can detect asynchronies in display devices during retrieval of multimedia objects, and even restore synchrony by deleting or duplicating media units destined for asynchronous destinations. These algorithms stay robust in the absence of global clocks, presence of transmission jitter and generation rate mismatches. We present algorithms by which a file server can create a relative time system and synchronize media units transmitted by different sources on a network to construct a multimedia object. The design of techniques for synchronization of multimedia data at the time of storage, and retrieval from network file servers is the subject matter of this paper.

One of the unique features that distinguishes digital multimedia from traditional computer data is the presence of multiple media streams, whose display must proceed in a mutually synchronized manner.

Network file synchronization